I've passed my PhD Viva with minor corrections!

This morning, I had my PhD thesis Viva with Trinity College Dublin internal examiner Dr Ciarán O'Neill, and external examiner Dr Breda Carty. I passed the viva (with minor corrections) and am now Dr Cormac Leonard (which is nice).

 

It's wonderful that this took place the day after National ISL Day!

 

I want to sincerely thank ALL of you for the interest you have shown in my work, from reading my blog posts and watching my videos, to attending my presentations online or onsite. Without the engagement I have received from the Deaf community I don't think I could have (or should have!) undertaken this project at all. 

 

It has been hugely heartening to see the people and experiences I have helped to uncover be of so much interest to people in the Irish Deaf community. Thank you all so much. 

 

My thesis needs some small corrections and will be available from TCD library sometime in February!

130 Years Ago ... A Longford Deaf Man, Charged with Murdering his Mother - and Committed to an Asylum

A shocking case from 1892 where an uneducated Deaf man killed his own mother.

 

 

 Catherine Kean (or Keane, or Kane) was an 80 year old widow living in Fostragh, Co. Longford, a small townland near Aughnacliffe and near the Cavan border. She lived with her son John Kean, who seemed to have been uneducated, and never to have attended school.

 

On 8 June 1892 John attacked his mother with a knife. According to an RIC report, the motive seems to have been that John wanted money to buy clothes but Catherine refused. It seemed unlikely that such a small matter would have led to a homicide; perhaps communication difficulties or mistreatment of John contributed also, but the fact is that we will never know - for reasons which shall become clear. 

 

A summary description of the death of Catherine Kean by the Royal Irish Constabulary. Source: Outrage Reports, 1892, National Archives of Ireland.

 

 John fled from the scene and his mother died 11 days after the attack. John was arrested in Cavan and on 1 July was committed to Sligo Prison until the next Leinster Assizes court hearing in Wicklow.

 

Sligo Jail. Source: https://www.sligogaol.ie/general

 

John Kean in the Sligo Prison records in 1892. Source: www.FindMyPast.ie

 

 

Source: Irish Independent, 2 December 1892, p. 6

When the Assizes opened in early December, the presiding judge drew the jury's attention to an important fact He described John Kean as "wholly illiterate ... unable to speak in any of those various modes by which modern science has shown that knowledge can be conveyed to an unfortunate person in his condition." This patronising tone and reference to 'speech' is misleading; the judge was referring to the fact that John could not hear, speak, read, write or - apparently - sign, all of which methods could be used in court to answer an indictment and put in a plea. John needed to be able to understand the evidence against him - without this, the trial could not continue.

 

Because this was in doubt, a separate jury had to be sworn to determine if John was "sufficiently sane to understand the nature of the charge against him, and the pleadings connected with the charge". This was not a straightforward examination of 'sanity' in the sense of mental health, but an examination of whether John could understand the charges, the evidence, and the proceedings.

 

 

Source: Irish Times, 10 December 1892

John's brother Bernard was called as a witness and said that John "did not understand the deaf and dumb alphabet" and "was never at school", but he could "communicate with him so as to make him understand what he wanted him to do in the way of work".

 

It seemed Bernard was not confident enough to be able to interpret the court proceedings for John, nor was this course of action even suggested. The Sligo prison medical officer also suggested that John was "of weak intellect and incapable of understanding the character of the crime with which he was charged".

 

 

Overall, the jury found that John was incapable of pleading - either guilty or not guilty. It was impossible to find out from John what had happened, why, whether he admitted to killing his mother or not. 

 

 

 

 

 

As was the case at the time for so-called 'criminal lunatics', John was committed to a lunatic asylum - the Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum. (This was since renamed the Dundrum Central Mental Hospital, and was recently closed down a few months ago.)

 

A drawing of the Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum. Source: https://www.crimeinmind.co.uk/ctshowcase-team-member/1845-dundrum-hospital/

 

 

John is mentioned in the state Report on asylums in 1893, and was still in Dundrum in 1901 and is recorded in the Census of Ireland. 

 

An anonymised mention of John Kean in the 42nd Report of Inspectors of Lunatics (Ireland) in 1893.

 

John Kean in the 1901 Census of Ireland, in the Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum. (Line 70)

 

Between 1901 and 1911 he was transferred to the lunatic asylum in Mullingar nearer to his family:

John Kean in the 1911 Census of Ireland - Mullingar Lunatic Asylum. (Line 826) Please note - John was never married - the description of 'widower' is inaccurate.

 

 

 

He died in 1915:

John's death certificate, 1915. Source: https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/deaths_returns/deaths_1915/05272/4463466.pdf

 

One wonders how different his trial would have been had John been sent to a Deaf school, giving him language and literacy to communicate; maybe the crime would never be committed at all.

120 Years Ago ... A Tragic Accident: the Death of a Child of Belfast Deaf Parents

Warning: this post may be upsetting to read for some people.

 

John Creaney and Mary Ellen (or just Ellen) Connell were a Belfast Deaf couple who had married in 1901. Both had attended the Cabra schools.

 

Ellen was originally from Co. Cavan, and in 1901, lived on Brougham St; she worked as a smoother in a laundry.

 

Census of Ireland 1901: Brougham St, Belfast. Source: http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Antrim/Duncairn_Ward/Brougham_Street/957010/

 

John worked as a tailor, and in 1901 lived in an interesting household on Lisbon St. The head of the house was Sarah Jane Park Ervine, mother of future Belfast playwright John Greer Ervine. John Creaney was one of four Deaf boarders with the Ervines at Lisbon St, and the house contained Deaf members of the Church of Ireland, Catholics and a Presbyterian. Kate McGoldrick, a Deaf Catholic woman also boarding with the Ervines in 1901, was a witness at their 1901 wedding. (John had been married twice before, but his previous wives had passed away.)

 

Census of Ireland 1901: Lisbon St, Belfast. Source:http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Down/Pottinger/Lisbon_Street/1214931/

 

When they married they ended up living at 12 Well Street, and in October of 1902 Ellen gave birth to a daughter, Honoria, born in their home. But tragedy struck when Honoria was six weeks old - the child died, and an inquest was held to find out what had happened.

 

1902 civil birth and death records for Honoria Creany. Source: www.irishgenealogy.ie

 

The inquest used the services of an interpreter named J. Stewart. Stewart would have used Northern Irish variant of BSL, but John and Ellen may have been familiar with BSL from living with Protestant boarders and socialising in the Belfast Deaf community. (John and Ellen were listed since at least 1914 as Catholic "Members and Adherents of the Mission Hall" in Belfast for Deaf adults, the members being mostly Church of Ireland and Presbyterian, but a substantial minority of Catholics.) Also present was the Superintendent of the Belfast Deaf Mission - Francis Maginn. He may have present as an emotional support to the Creaneys in this most distressing time, or even acted as a Deaf interpreter, working between Stewart's BSL to Irish Sign Language

 

Source: Irish News and Belfast Morning News, 3 December 1902, p. 6. Note that Honoria's name is misspelled in the report as 'Ferona'.

 

Ellen was called upon to give evidence; after this, it was decided that the child had died "due to suffocation ... the result of being overlain". It is not clear from the very short articles in the press exactly how this happened but it seems it was purely accidental.

 

The couple remained involved in the wider Belfast Deaf community and the Mission Hall. In 1911 they were living at Woodstock St, Belfast, with their second child, son Conner. Connor would grow up to become an important interpreter in Northern Ireland.

 

Source: Mission Hall for the Adult Deaf and Dumb Report, 1924.

Census of Ireland 1911: Woodstock St, Belfast. Source: http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Down/Pottinger__part_of_/Woodstock_Street/219655/

An example of the interpreting work of Conor John Creaney, son of John and Ellen. Source: Belfast Telegraph 16 January 1961, p. 12.

 

109 Years Ago: a Deaf Workhouse Inmate complains about her treatment

 

 

The workhouse building in Carrickmacross where Anna Eakins spent several years. Source: https://brenspeedie.blogspot.com/2013/08/from-land-wars-to-civil-war-brief.html

 

 In 1913 in Carrickmacross Workhouse, disagreements between some female inmates led to the Board of Guardians seeking to bring one of them to court - as it happened, a Deaf inmate: Anna Eakins.

Source: Petty Sessions Order Books, Carrickmacross Petty Sessions, 1913. www.findmypast.ie

 

Ellen McCaul (hearing) accused Anna Eakins (Deaf) of assault - threatening her with a sweeping brush, and later, throwing a chamber pot's contents over her. Another hearing woman named Meegan made similar complaints. But there was another side to the story, and we get a glimpse of it through a long letter that Anna wrote for the court which was read out.

Source: Dundalk Democrat, 29 November 1913, p. 14

 Anna complained that McCaul and Meegan called her names and mocked her, but it was from jealousy that Anna had a good relationship with the workhouse Master and the nuns that worked in the workhouse hospital, and was given manageable work by them. In particular, Anna was scathing about McCaul; she apparently was in the habit of bringing scraps of food into the workhouse (including rotten fish) and hiding them under her mattress, causing a horrible smell in the dormitory where they all slept, which was "so evil-smelling that the rats and crows coming into the yard could not bear to go near them". Anna was afraid to go to prison, and stated that "jail is an awful place"; when she had been there before she "had no bed or no sleep, awful what they would give you to eat". Nevertheless she was resigned to her fate: "Send me to jail for a fortnight, that is enough, or forgive me."

Source: Dundalk Democrat, 29 November 1913, p. 14

The case was adjourned for three months and Anna was warned to be on good behaviour.

Deaf People Seeking Jobs in 1885 and 1922

Two short advertisements in national newspapers from Deaf people seeking employment. 

 

In the 1885 advertisement, a local clergyman advertises to see if anyone has a job for a Deaf woman (who had been to the Claremont school for Protestant Deaf children): "A CLERGYMAN desires a situation for a deaf mute as parlour maid. She thoroughly understands her duties, and is remarkably intelligent. Trained at Claremont Institution. Apply to Rector, Castlebellingham."

 

 

In the 1922 ad, a Deaf man seeks a job as a coatmaker and describes himself as "first class" at this work: "TAILORING — Young Man, deaf mute, seeks situatlon: first class coatmaker. Box: 3300."

 

Sources: Irish Ecclesiastical Gazette, 28 November 1885; Irish Independent, 28 November 1922.

The Generosity of Two Deaf Wexford Men

Deaf people in Ireland did not only receive charity - they contributed to it.

Painting is called "Heinrich XVII, Prince Reuß, on the side of the 5th Squadron I Guards Dragoon Regiment at Mars-la-Tour, 16 August 1870" by Emil Hünten, 1902. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mars-la-Tour

 

In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. The Franco-Prussian war was one of the moves towards a unified German Empire. But the world was shocked at some of the cruel behaviour of the Prussian troops in France. Collections were made around Ireland to assist the injured French troops.

Source: Wexford People 24 September 1870, p. 7

 

 Among those who contributed in Wexford - two Deaf men, William Hendrick and Nicholas Brien. They each contributed 1 shilling 6 pence. William had entered the Prospect School in Glasnevin in 1854. Nicholas entered St Joseph's in 1864.

Source: Wexford People 24 September 1870, p. 7

Old Lisnaskea Workhouse - Reluctant to Send the Deaf Children to be Educated?

 The old Lisnaskea Workhouse, Co. Fermanagh. It is now mostly derelict and surrounded by the Lakeview housing estate.

Lisnaskea workhouse - old entrance block

Not many deaf children were sent to Cabra from Lisnaskea Union - just four before 1914:

• Catherine Clarke (1895)
• Owen McCaffrey (1910)
• Rose A. Cosgrave (1911) - all paid for by the Lisnaskea Board of Guardians
  
• Ellen Murphy, sent by her family in 1899.

This may be because the Lisnaskea guardians may have been reluctant to pay for their local poor deaf children to educated. In 1905, a local Protestant churchman applied for the Lisnaskea Guardians to send young Henry Delmore to the Ulster Institution for the Deaf and Blind.

But one Guardian - named Plunkett - disagreed. He said that the Church should cover the costs, not the Union (although hundreds of deaf children had been sent and paid for by Poor Law Unions in the preceding decades). The Board finally agreed to pay just £5 a year for Henry's fees, and for a limited time.

A few years previously in 1899 Plunkett had raised a similar objection to another deaf child and again suggested the clergyman should pay.

Sources: Freemans Journal, 1 March 1899, p. 8; Fermanagh Herald, 5 August 1905, p. 8.
More information on Lisnaskea Workhouse: https://workhouses.org.uk/Lisnaskea/

Old Lisnaskea workhouse, old entrance block

Old Lisnaskea workhouse, side of old accommodation block

Old Lisnaskea workhouse, rear - old accommodation block

Old Lisnaskea workhouse, rear - old accommodation block

Old Lisnaskea workhouse, rear of old entrance block

Old Lisnaskea workhouse, between entrance and accommodation blocks